~~Drinking enough pure water – every single day – is absolutely essential for your body to UNLOCK the POWER of our whole-food Mangosteen Nutritional Beverage and its health-giving Xanthones.
"Water is the main solvent for all foods, vitamins, and minerals.
It is used in the breakdown of food into smaller particles and
their eventual metabolism and assimilation into the cells."
F. Batmanghelidj, M.D.
DETOX
You may experience temporary detox symptoms when starting to drink Mangosteen juice: a mild headache, GI distress inc. constipation, or a mild rash. According to Dr. J. Frederic Templeman, this is normal —and it's usually the 1st step in getting well — or for mostly healthy individuals, improving their physical and mental energy.
Reactions can often occur because whole-food Mangosteen is a ‘powerful natural whole-body detoxifier.’ This makes it necessary to start flushing loosened toxins out of the body immediately. Dr. Templeman says that everyone should drink lots of WATER to ease any possible detox reaction.
Pure water everyday is each body's perfect system flusher. Water prevents loosened toxins from being reabsorbed. You might think of Mangosteen as similar to ‘soap’ which requires sufficient water to be activated completely.
WATER INTAKE
Rule of thumb: Healthcare professionals recommend we drink a minimum of 8 glasses, 2 quarts or 1 ½ liters of pure water daily. This amount is in addition to coffee, tea, and other beverages. Caffeinated beverages are dehydrators, in fact, and therefore increase your water needs.
*****START each day by drinking two full glasses of water
upon arising - without fail - 1/2 hr. before eating breakfast.
NOTE: When someone is very ill, has a larger body frame, is engaged in
a lot of physical activity, is seriously overweight, or spending a lot of time outside during hot summer months, they'll need even more water. In these cases, Dr. Batmanghelidj rec. drinking 1/2 ones weight in oz. of water daily. Weigh 192 pounds -- daily drink 96 ounces (3 quarts or 2 liters) of water.
Thursday, June 28, 2007
Monday, June 25, 2007
Usage Guidelines
Refrigeration of open bottles is recommended and enhances the taste, however, there is no reason for concern if the juice is left at room temperature for up to two days. Unopened bottles need not be refrigerated but should be stored at room temperature.
BE PATIENT
In order to derive the full benefits of drinking the mangosteen juice commit to consuming the juice for at least 30 to 60 days.
Please be patient and consistent for at least 30-60 days and you will be delighted with your results. Some people experience results within one day, a week, and some up to one month or more, depending on your ailment. Whatever the case, don’t give up; you may notice remarkable changes as time goes by.
With such a natural product improvement may be gradual and steady rather than immediate. The healing process represents a lasting activity in the body and a progressive strengthening of the immune system. Unlike medications xanthones produce lasting results naturally and without any side effects. The healing taking place in the body is not merely a masking or suppression of the symptoms.
Your body system needs a loading dose of the juice to be introduced to it at the start therefore, for the first two weeks commit to taking two ounces (2 oz.) three times daily just before meals.
Keep notes of your physical condition from the start and review your progress you will be surprised at the results.
SHAKE PRODUCT BEFORE USE
=The clear plastic piece inside the cap should be placed on the peg in the cap if it remains on the glass bottle when opened. This prevents leakage when you shake the juice.
=Use an accurate measuring device for portioning and take regularly.
=Best to take with meals, if possible.
=Dividing the portion into three times a day is much more effective than taking it one or two times a day.
Portioning Recommendations
Optimal individual dosing may vary. The following is intended as a guideline. Your portion may be adjusted up or down to meet your needs.
Children & Infants *Please note: after they have been introduced to fruit juice.
Under 15 lbs. 1/4 adult portion
15-30 lbs. 1/3 adult portion
30-60 lbs. 1/2 adult portion
60-90 lbs. 3/4 adult portion
90 lbs. or more adult portion
Adults
Good Health - using mainly for prevention * One ounce two to three times daily.
Minor Problems
Controlled Type II diabetes, controlled high blood pressure, minor arthritis, Alzheimer's, depression, GERD, allergies, skin rashes, and asthma.
=1 oz. three times daily
Major Problems
Rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, fibromyalgia, multiple sclerosis, major depression, more severe allergies, skin rashes, and asthma
=2 oz. three times daily
Cancer
=3 - 6 oz. three to four times daily
There is a protocol 21 day Challenge for cancer patients.
This is a non-toxic product, and there is no lethal portion. However, children may often achieve the benefits at lower portions. Dividing the portions into three times a day is much more effective than taking it one or two times a day due to the half life of mangosteen being four to six hours. Flare-ups of any diseases should be treated with increased intake until improvement occurs. Doubling or tripling the portion is recommended. However, with acute respiratory problems I suggest you also add 50mg. elemental zinc daily.
Please think about how you feel before taking Mangosteen juice for the FIRST TIME..
Keep in mind, about 20% or more of the people taking Mangosteen Juice for the first time will experience some form of cleansing or detoxification reaction, which could be pleasant or not so pleasant. These reactions may manifest themselves as skin rashes, headaches, stomach discomfort, bad breath or body odor, coughs, loose stools, emotional release, or even fatigue. Detoxification symptoms generally last only a few days to a week and then most people have a wonderful experience with the product.
About 30% of people who take ANY nutritional product (besides stimulants) will never experience any noticeable changes in their body for months. However, this does not mean that significant changes are not taking place. One of the BEST ways to scientifically document the benefits of any nutritional product is to have a physical and take your blood work at your local heath clinic. Ask for a full report on Blood Pressure, Cholesterol (both good and bad), Triglycerides, and if you can Red &White Blood Cell Counts, etc. Even the most skeptical person can document results with these tests. Take the same tests 6 months later and you'll find out what we're so excited about. We've done it, and you can too!
BE PATIENT
In order to derive the full benefits of drinking the mangosteen juice commit to consuming the juice for at least 30 to 60 days.
Please be patient and consistent for at least 30-60 days and you will be delighted with your results. Some people experience results within one day, a week, and some up to one month or more, depending on your ailment. Whatever the case, don’t give up; you may notice remarkable changes as time goes by.
With such a natural product improvement may be gradual and steady rather than immediate. The healing process represents a lasting activity in the body and a progressive strengthening of the immune system. Unlike medications xanthones produce lasting results naturally and without any side effects. The healing taking place in the body is not merely a masking or suppression of the symptoms.
Your body system needs a loading dose of the juice to be introduced to it at the start therefore, for the first two weeks commit to taking two ounces (2 oz.) three times daily just before meals.
Keep notes of your physical condition from the start and review your progress you will be surprised at the results.
SHAKE PRODUCT BEFORE USE
=The clear plastic piece inside the cap should be placed on the peg in the cap if it remains on the glass bottle when opened. This prevents leakage when you shake the juice.
=Use an accurate measuring device for portioning and take regularly.
=Best to take with meals, if possible.
=Dividing the portion into three times a day is much more effective than taking it one or two times a day.
Portioning Recommendations
Optimal individual dosing may vary. The following is intended as a guideline. Your portion may be adjusted up or down to meet your needs.
Children & Infants *Please note: after they have been introduced to fruit juice.
Under 15 lbs. 1/4 adult portion
15-30 lbs. 1/3 adult portion
30-60 lbs. 1/2 adult portion
60-90 lbs. 3/4 adult portion
90 lbs. or more adult portion
Adults
Good Health - using mainly for prevention * One ounce two to three times daily.
Minor Problems
Controlled Type II diabetes, controlled high blood pressure, minor arthritis, Alzheimer's, depression, GERD, allergies, skin rashes, and asthma.
=1 oz. three times daily
Major Problems
Rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, fibromyalgia, multiple sclerosis, major depression, more severe allergies, skin rashes, and asthma
=2 oz. three times daily
Cancer
=3 - 6 oz. three to four times daily
There is a protocol 21 day Challenge for cancer patients.
This is a non-toxic product, and there is no lethal portion. However, children may often achieve the benefits at lower portions. Dividing the portions into three times a day is much more effective than taking it one or two times a day due to the half life of mangosteen being four to six hours. Flare-ups of any diseases should be treated with increased intake until improvement occurs. Doubling or tripling the portion is recommended. However, with acute respiratory problems I suggest you also add 50mg. elemental zinc daily.
Please think about how you feel before taking Mangosteen juice for the FIRST TIME..
Keep in mind, about 20% or more of the people taking Mangosteen Juice for the first time will experience some form of cleansing or detoxification reaction, which could be pleasant or not so pleasant. These reactions may manifest themselves as skin rashes, headaches, stomach discomfort, bad breath or body odor, coughs, loose stools, emotional release, or even fatigue. Detoxification symptoms generally last only a few days to a week and then most people have a wonderful experience with the product.
About 30% of people who take ANY nutritional product (besides stimulants) will never experience any noticeable changes in their body for months. However, this does not mean that significant changes are not taking place. One of the BEST ways to scientifically document the benefits of any nutritional product is to have a physical and take your blood work at your local heath clinic. Ask for a full report on Blood Pressure, Cholesterol (both good and bad), Triglycerides, and if you can Red &White Blood Cell Counts, etc. Even the most skeptical person can document results with these tests. Take the same tests 6 months later and you'll find out what we're so excited about. We've done it, and you can too!
Friday, June 15, 2007
Mangosteen & Cancer
Independent Research From Across the World Regarding Mangosteen’s Impact on Cancer.
Antiproliferation, antioxidation and induction of apoptosis by
Garcinia mangostana (mangosteen) on SKBR3 human breast cancer cell line. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004
Jan;90(1):161-6. Moongkarndi P, Kosem N, Kaslungka S, Luanratana O, Pongpan N, Neungton N.Department of
Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Sri Ayudthaya Road, Rajdhevee, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
These investigators found that an extract from the pericarp of the mangosteen fruit (major component in XanGo)
inhibited the growth of breast cancer cells. They also showed that the extract had potent antioxidant and cancer
cell death properties. They concluded that the extract from the pericarp of the mangosteen fruit has potential for chemoprevention.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Induction of apoptosis by xanthones from mangosteen in human leukemia cell lines.
Matsumoto K, Akao Y, Kobayashi E, Ohguchi K, Ito T, Tanaka T, Iinuma M, Nozawa Y. Gifu International Institute of Biotechnology, 1-1 Naka-Fudogaoka, Kakamigahara, Gifu 504-0838, Japan.
These authors examined the effects of six xanthones extracted from the pericarps of the mangosteen fruit,
Garcinia mangostana, on the cell growth inhibition of human leukemia cell line HL60. All xanthones displayed growth inhibitory effects. Among them, alpha-mangostin (a xanthone) showed the most potent ability to cause the cancer cells death.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Garcinone E, a xanthone derivative, has potent cytotoxic effect against the
patocellular carcinoma cell lines.
Planta Med. 2002 Nov;68(11):975-9. Ho CK, Huang YL, Chen CC. Department of Medical Research &am p; Education, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, ROC.
Investigators extracted and purified 6 xanthone compounds from the rinds (peel) of the fruit of Garcinia mangostana, mangosteen fruit. The investigators tested this extract on 14 different human liver cancer cell lines. Several chemotherapeutic agents (drugs) were included in the study for comparison. The results showed that one of the
xanthone derivatives which could be identified as “garcinone E” has potent cytotoxic effect (kill cells) on all liver
cancer cell lines as well as on the other gastric and lung cancer cell lines included in the screen. The
investigators suggested that “garcinone E” may be potentially useful for the treatment of certain types of cancer.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Alpha-mangostin induces Ca(2+)-ATPase-dependent apoptosis via mitochondrial pathway in PC12 cells.
J Pharmacol Sci. 2004 May;95(1):33-40. Sato A, Fujiwara H, Oku H, Ishiguro K, Ohizumi Y. Department of Pharmaceutical Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
The researchers investigated the cell death effects of eight xanthones on pheochromocytoma (cancer) cells. Among these compounds, alpha-mangostin, from the fruit hull of Garcinia mangostana L. (mangosteen fruit), had the most potent effect with apoptosis (death) of these cells.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Xanthones as inhibitors of growth of human cancer cell lines and their effects on the proliferation of human lymphocytes in vitro.
Bioorg Med Chem. 2002 Dec;10(12):3725-30. Pedro M, Cerqueira F, Sousa ME, Nascimento MS, Pinto M. Centro de Estudos de Quimica Organica, Fitoquimica e Farmacologia da Universidade do Porto, Faculdade de Farmacia, Porto, Portugal.
Twenty-seven xanthones were assessed for their capacity to inhibit the in vitro the growth of three human cancer cell lines, (breast cancer, renal cancer, melanoma). Inhibition of growth of these cancer cell lines depended on the type of xanthone used in the study.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Xanthone derivatives as potential anti-cancer drugs.
J Pharm Pharmacol. 1996 May;48(5):539-44. Lin CN, Liou SJ, Lee TH, Chuang YC, Won SJ. School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical College, Taiwan, Republic of China.
Researchers showed xanthone derived compounds to have potent anti- tumor activities against human cancer cells.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gamma-pyrone compounds as potential anti-cancer drugs.
J Pharm Pharmacol. 1993 Sep;45(9):791-4. Liou SS, Shieh WL, Cheng TH, Won SJ, Lin CN. Natural Products
Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical College, Taiwan, Republic of China.
Researchers studied several compounds and found xanthones with enhanced anti-tumor activity against human cancer cell lines.
The “21-Day Challenge”
Mangosteen Juice in facing the challenge of cancer.
A) Drink 1 whole bottle of juice (about 25 oz.) PER DAY X 21 days
B) PLUS about a gallon water, such as DISTILLED water.
The “21-Day Challenge” proposes that individuals who have critical health issues—such as just about any form of cancer—issue a challenge to their health condition by committing themselves to drink an entire 25 oz. bottle of Mangosteen juice each day for a period of 21 days, **PLUS** drinking at least one gallon (eight 16 oz. glasses) of pure water—such as spring water—along with the juice. The 4 to 6 hour half-life of Mangosteen juice in the body would suggest that the consumption of both juice and water be spread out somewhat evenly throughout the 24 hours.
This is important in order to flush the toxins from the body. He did say the only
uncomfortable thing about it all was the need to stay very near a bathroom at all times!
**NOTE: It is essential that the recommended amount of water be consumed along with the juice. As the Mangosteen juice is consumed, the cells begin to function normally to clear and release toxins into the blood stream—and these toxins must be eliminated from the body. The rule of thumb for water consumption is 1/2 ounce for every pound of body weight for those who are sedentary, or 2/3 ounce for every pound of body weight for those who are active. For example, if you weight 100 pounds and are not active you would drink 50 ounces of water.
To make sure you are drinking all the water you need, find a large pitcher and fill it in the morning, making sure to consume all of the water before evening (refilled as necessary). Otherwise, you will think you’ve had enough water, but in fact, that is seldom the case!
(If you are unable to drink the required water, it is better to use less Mangosteen juice)
Antiproliferation, antioxidation and induction of apoptosis by
Garcinia mangostana (mangosteen) on SKBR3 human breast cancer cell line. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004
Jan;90(1):161-6. Moongkarndi P, Kosem N, Kaslungka S, Luanratana O, Pongpan N, Neungton N.Department of
Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Sri Ayudthaya Road, Rajdhevee, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
These investigators found that an extract from the pericarp of the mangosteen fruit (major component in XanGo)
inhibited the growth of breast cancer cells. They also showed that the extract had potent antioxidant and cancer
cell death properties. They concluded that the extract from the pericarp of the mangosteen fruit has potential for chemoprevention.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Induction of apoptosis by xanthones from mangosteen in human leukemia cell lines.
Matsumoto K, Akao Y, Kobayashi E, Ohguchi K, Ito T, Tanaka T, Iinuma M, Nozawa Y. Gifu International Institute of Biotechnology, 1-1 Naka-Fudogaoka, Kakamigahara, Gifu 504-0838, Japan.
These authors examined the effects of six xanthones extracted from the pericarps of the mangosteen fruit,
Garcinia mangostana, on the cell growth inhibition of human leukemia cell line HL60. All xanthones displayed growth inhibitory effects. Among them, alpha-mangostin (a xanthone) showed the most potent ability to cause the cancer cells death.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Garcinone E, a xanthone derivative, has potent cytotoxic effect against the
patocellular carcinoma cell lines.
Planta Med. 2002 Nov;68(11):975-9. Ho CK, Huang YL, Chen CC. Department of Medical Research &am p; Education, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, ROC.
Investigators extracted and purified 6 xanthone compounds from the rinds (peel) of the fruit of Garcinia mangostana, mangosteen fruit. The investigators tested this extract on 14 different human liver cancer cell lines. Several chemotherapeutic agents (drugs) were included in the study for comparison. The results showed that one of the
xanthone derivatives which could be identified as “garcinone E” has potent cytotoxic effect (kill cells) on all liver
cancer cell lines as well as on the other gastric and lung cancer cell lines included in the screen. The
investigators suggested that “garcinone E” may be potentially useful for the treatment of certain types of cancer.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Alpha-mangostin induces Ca(2+)-ATPase-dependent apoptosis via mitochondrial pathway in PC12 cells.
J Pharmacol Sci. 2004 May;95(1):33-40. Sato A, Fujiwara H, Oku H, Ishiguro K, Ohizumi Y. Department of Pharmaceutical Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
The researchers investigated the cell death effects of eight xanthones on pheochromocytoma (cancer) cells. Among these compounds, alpha-mangostin, from the fruit hull of Garcinia mangostana L. (mangosteen fruit), had the most potent effect with apoptosis (death) of these cells.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Xanthones as inhibitors of growth of human cancer cell lines and their effects on the proliferation of human lymphocytes in vitro.
Bioorg Med Chem. 2002 Dec;10(12):3725-30. Pedro M, Cerqueira F, Sousa ME, Nascimento MS, Pinto M. Centro de Estudos de Quimica Organica, Fitoquimica e Farmacologia da Universidade do Porto, Faculdade de Farmacia, Porto, Portugal.
Twenty-seven xanthones were assessed for their capacity to inhibit the in vitro the growth of three human cancer cell lines, (breast cancer, renal cancer, melanoma). Inhibition of growth of these cancer cell lines depended on the type of xanthone used in the study.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Xanthone derivatives as potential anti-cancer drugs.
J Pharm Pharmacol. 1996 May;48(5):539-44. Lin CN, Liou SJ, Lee TH, Chuang YC, Won SJ. School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical College, Taiwan, Republic of China.
Researchers showed xanthone derived compounds to have potent anti- tumor activities against human cancer cells.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gamma-pyrone compounds as potential anti-cancer drugs.
J Pharm Pharmacol. 1993 Sep;45(9):791-4. Liou SS, Shieh WL, Cheng TH, Won SJ, Lin CN. Natural Products
Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical College, Taiwan, Republic of China.
Researchers studied several compounds and found xanthones with enhanced anti-tumor activity against human cancer cell lines.
The “21-Day Challenge”
Mangosteen Juice in facing the challenge of cancer.
A) Drink 1 whole bottle of juice (about 25 oz.) PER DAY X 21 days
B) PLUS about a gallon water, such as DISTILLED water.
The “21-Day Challenge” proposes that individuals who have critical health issues—such as just about any form of cancer—issue a challenge to their health condition by committing themselves to drink an entire 25 oz. bottle of Mangosteen juice each day for a period of 21 days, **PLUS** drinking at least one gallon (eight 16 oz. glasses) of pure water—such as spring water—along with the juice. The 4 to 6 hour half-life of Mangosteen juice in the body would suggest that the consumption of both juice and water be spread out somewhat evenly throughout the 24 hours.
This is important in order to flush the toxins from the body. He did say the only
uncomfortable thing about it all was the need to stay very near a bathroom at all times!
**NOTE: It is essential that the recommended amount of water be consumed along with the juice. As the Mangosteen juice is consumed, the cells begin to function normally to clear and release toxins into the blood stream—and these toxins must be eliminated from the body. The rule of thumb for water consumption is 1/2 ounce for every pound of body weight for those who are sedentary, or 2/3 ounce for every pound of body weight for those who are active. For example, if you weight 100 pounds and are not active you would drink 50 ounces of water.
To make sure you are drinking all the water you need, find a large pitcher and fill it in the morning, making sure to consume all of the water before evening (refilled as necessary). Otherwise, you will think you’ve had enough water, but in fact, that is seldom the case!
(If you are unable to drink the required water, it is better to use less Mangosteen juice)
Tuesday, June 12, 2007
Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in NYC Recognizes Mangosteen
Information From the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City:
MANGOSTEEN (Garcinia mangostana L.)
CLINICAL SUMMARY
Mangosteen is a plant native to Southeast Asia. The fruits are used in
traditional medicine to treat skin infections, wounds, and diarrhea.
Recent studies have revealed that xanthones from the fruit hulls
exhibit antibacterial (3), antifungal (4), and antiinflammatory (5)
properties. Alpha-mangostin, a xanthone, inhibited growth of human
leukemia HL60 cells (1) (6), reduced the synthesis of prostaglandins (5),
and prevented oxidative damage of LDL (7) in vitro. There is also
preliminary evidence that alpha- and gamma-mangostins act as
histamine and serotonin receptor blockers (8), and also inhibit HIV-1
protease (9). Garcinone E, another xanthone, exerts cytotoxic effects
against human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (10). Extract from the
pericarp of mangosteen has antiproliferative, antioxidative, and
apoptotic effects against human breast cancer SKBR3 cells (11). There
is no data from clinical trials to verify these effects in humans. No
adverse effects have been reported with the use of mangosteen.
SCIENTIFIC NAME
Garcinia mangostana L.
PURPORTED USES
• Bacterial Infections
• Diarrhea
• Fungal infections
• Inflammation
• Skin infections
• Wound healing
CONSTITUENTS
• Wound healing
CONSTITUENTS
• Xanthones: alpha-mangostin, beta-mangostin, gammamangostin,
garcinone B, garcinone E
• Mangostinone
• Tannins
• Flavonoid: epicatechin
(1) (2)
MECHANISM OF ACTION
The xanthones, alpha- and beta-mangostins, and garcinone B exhibit
strong inhibitory effect against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro (3).
Alpha-mangostin has been shown to inhibit growth of human
leukemia HL60 cells by inducing caspase-3-dependent apoptosis (1)
(6), reduce the synthesis of prostaglandins by inhibiting the activities
of COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes (5), and prevent oxidative damage of
LDL by functioning as a free-radical scavenger (7). Alpha- and
gamma-mangostins also antagonize the activities of histamine and
serotonin by acting as receptor blockers (8). Garcinone E has cytotoxic
effects against human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (10). In vitro
studies have also demonstrated that a crude methanolic extract from
the pericarp of mangosteen has antiproliferative, antioxidative, and
apoptotic effects against SKBR3 human breast cancer cells (11).
LITERATURE SUMMARY AND CRITIQUE
There is no clinical data available to support the beneficial effects of
mangosteen in humans.
REFERENCES
(1) Matsumoto K, et al.Induction of apoptosis by xanthones from
mangosteen in human leukemia cell lines. J Nat Prod 2003;
66(8):1124-1127.
(2) Suksamrarn S, et al. Xanthones from the green fruit hulls of
Garcinia mangostana. J Nat Prod 2002; 65(5):761-763.
(3) Suksamrarn S, et al. Antimycobacterial activity of prenylated
xanthones from the fruits of Garcinia mangostana. Chem Pharm Bull
(Tokyo) 2003; 51(7):857-859.
(4) Gopalakrishnan G, Banumathi B, Suresh G. Evaluation of the
antifungal activity of natural xanthones from Garcinia mangostana
and their synthetic derivatives. J Nat Prod 1997; 60(5):519-524.
(5) Nakatani K, et al. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase and prostaglandin
E2 synthesis by gamma-mangostin, a xanthone derivative in
mangosteen, in C6 rat glioma cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2002;
63(1):73-79.
(6) Matsumoto K, et al. Preferential target is mitochondria in alphamangostin-
induced apoptosis in human leukemia HL60 cells. Bioorg
Med Chem 2004; 12(22):5799-5806.
(7) Williams P, et al. Mangostin inhibits the oxidative modification of
human low density lipoprotein. Free Radic Res 1995; 23(2):175-184.
(8) Chairungsrilerd N, et al. Histaminergic and serotonergic receptor
blocking substances from the medicinal plant Garcinia mangostana.
Planta Med 1996; 62(5):471-472.
(9) Chen SX, Wan M, Loh BN. Active constituents against HIV-1
protease from Garcinia mangostana. Planta Med 1996; 62(4):381-
382.
(10) Ho CK, Huang YL, Chen CC. Garcinone E, a xanthone derivative,
has potent cytotoxic effect against hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines.
Planta Med 2002; 68(11):975-979.
(11) Moongkarndi P, et al. Antiproliferation, antioxidation and
induction of apoptosis by Garcinia mangostana (mangosteen) on
SKBR3 human breast cancer cell line. J Ethnopharmacol 2004;
90(1):161-166.
MANGOSTEEN (Garcinia mangostana L.)
CLINICAL SUMMARY
Mangosteen is a plant native to Southeast Asia. The fruits are used in
traditional medicine to treat skin infections, wounds, and diarrhea.
Recent studies have revealed that xanthones from the fruit hulls
exhibit antibacterial (3), antifungal (4), and antiinflammatory (5)
properties. Alpha-mangostin, a xanthone, inhibited growth of human
leukemia HL60 cells (1) (6), reduced the synthesis of prostaglandins (5),
and prevented oxidative damage of LDL (7) in vitro. There is also
preliminary evidence that alpha- and gamma-mangostins act as
histamine and serotonin receptor blockers (8), and also inhibit HIV-1
protease (9). Garcinone E, another xanthone, exerts cytotoxic effects
against human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (10). Extract from the
pericarp of mangosteen has antiproliferative, antioxidative, and
apoptotic effects against human breast cancer SKBR3 cells (11). There
is no data from clinical trials to verify these effects in humans. No
adverse effects have been reported with the use of mangosteen.
SCIENTIFIC NAME
Garcinia mangostana L.
PURPORTED USES
• Bacterial Infections
• Diarrhea
• Fungal infections
• Inflammation
• Skin infections
• Wound healing
CONSTITUENTS
• Wound healing
CONSTITUENTS
• Xanthones: alpha-mangostin, beta-mangostin, gammamangostin,
garcinone B, garcinone E
• Mangostinone
• Tannins
• Flavonoid: epicatechin
(1) (2)
MECHANISM OF ACTION
The xanthones, alpha- and beta-mangostins, and garcinone B exhibit
strong inhibitory effect against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro (3).
Alpha-mangostin has been shown to inhibit growth of human
leukemia HL60 cells by inducing caspase-3-dependent apoptosis (1)
(6), reduce the synthesis of prostaglandins by inhibiting the activities
of COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes (5), and prevent oxidative damage of
LDL by functioning as a free-radical scavenger (7). Alpha- and
gamma-mangostins also antagonize the activities of histamine and
serotonin by acting as receptor blockers (8). Garcinone E has cytotoxic
effects against human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (10). In vitro
studies have also demonstrated that a crude methanolic extract from
the pericarp of mangosteen has antiproliferative, antioxidative, and
apoptotic effects against SKBR3 human breast cancer cells (11).
LITERATURE SUMMARY AND CRITIQUE
There is no clinical data available to support the beneficial effects of
mangosteen in humans.
REFERENCES
(1) Matsumoto K, et al.Induction of apoptosis by xanthones from
mangosteen in human leukemia cell lines. J Nat Prod 2003;
66(8):1124-1127.
(2) Suksamrarn S, et al. Xanthones from the green fruit hulls of
Garcinia mangostana. J Nat Prod 2002; 65(5):761-763.
(3) Suksamrarn S, et al. Antimycobacterial activity of prenylated
xanthones from the fruits of Garcinia mangostana. Chem Pharm Bull
(Tokyo) 2003; 51(7):857-859.
(4) Gopalakrishnan G, Banumathi B, Suresh G. Evaluation of the
antifungal activity of natural xanthones from Garcinia mangostana
and their synthetic derivatives. J Nat Prod 1997; 60(5):519-524.
(5) Nakatani K, et al. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase and prostaglandin
E2 synthesis by gamma-mangostin, a xanthone derivative in
mangosteen, in C6 rat glioma cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2002;
63(1):73-79.
(6) Matsumoto K, et al. Preferential target is mitochondria in alphamangostin-
induced apoptosis in human leukemia HL60 cells. Bioorg
Med Chem 2004; 12(22):5799-5806.
(7) Williams P, et al. Mangostin inhibits the oxidative modification of
human low density lipoprotein. Free Radic Res 1995; 23(2):175-184.
(8) Chairungsrilerd N, et al. Histaminergic and serotonergic receptor
blocking substances from the medicinal plant Garcinia mangostana.
Planta Med 1996; 62(5):471-472.
(9) Chen SX, Wan M, Loh BN. Active constituents against HIV-1
protease from Garcinia mangostana. Planta Med 1996; 62(4):381-
382.
(10) Ho CK, Huang YL, Chen CC. Garcinone E, a xanthone derivative,
has potent cytotoxic effect against hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines.
Planta Med 2002; 68(11):975-979.
(11) Moongkarndi P, et al. Antiproliferation, antioxidation and
induction of apoptosis by Garcinia mangostana (mangosteen) on
SKBR3 human breast cancer cell line. J Ethnopharmacol 2004;
90(1):161-166.
Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in NYC Recognizes Mangosteen
Information From the Sloan-Kettering Cancer
Center in New York City:
MANGOSTEEN (Garcinia mangostana L.)
CLINICAL SUMMARY
Mangosteen is a plant native to Southeast Asia. The fruits are used in
traditional medicine to treat skin infections, wounds, and diarrhea.
Recent studies have revealed that xanthones from the fruit hulls
exhibit antibacterial (3), antifungal (4), and antiinflammatory (5)
properties. Alpha-mangostin, a xanthone, inhibited growth of human
leukemia HL60 cells (1) (6), reduced the synthesis of prostaglandins (5),
and prevented oxidative damage of LDL (7) in vitro. There is also
preliminary evidence that alpha- and gamma-mangostins act as
histamine and serotonin receptor blockers (8), and also inhibit HIV-1
protease (9). Garcinone E, another xanthone, exerts cytotoxic effects
against human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (10). Extract from the
pericarp of mangosteen has antiproliferative, antioxidative, and
apoptotic effects against human breast cancer SKBR3 cells (11). There
is no data from clinical trials to verify these effects in humans. No
adverse effects have been reported with the use of mangosteen.
SCIENTIFIC NAME
Garcinia mangostana L.
PURPORTED USES
• Bacterial Infections
• Diarrhea
• Fungal infections
• Inflammation
• Skin infections
• Wound healing
CONSTITUENTS
• Wound healing
CONSTITUENTS
• Xanthones: alpha-mangostin, beta-mangostin, gammamangostin,
garcinone B, garcinone E
• Mangostinone
• Tannins
• Flavonoid: epicatechin
(1) (2)
MECHANISM OF ACTION
The xanthones, alpha- and beta-mangostins, and garcinone B exhibit
strong inhibitory effect against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro (3).
Alpha-mangostin has been shown to inhibit growth of human
leukemia HL60 cells by inducing caspase-3-dependent apoptosis (1)
(6), reduce the synthesis of prostaglandins by inhibiting the activities
of COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes (5), and prevent oxidative damage of
LDL by functioning as a free-radical scavenger (7). Alpha- and
gamma-mangostins also antagonize the activities of histamine and
serotonin by acting as receptor blockers (8). Garcinone E has cytotoxic
effects against human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (10). In vitro
studies have also demonstrated that a crude methanolic extract from
the pericarp of mangosteen has antiproliferative, antioxidative, and
apoptotic effects against SKBR3 human breast cancer cells (11).
LITERATURE SUMMARY AND CRITIQUE
There is no clinical data available to support the beneficial effects of
mangosteen in humans.
REFERENCES
(1) Matsumoto K, et al.Induction of apoptosis by xanthones from
mangosteen in human leukemia cell lines. J Nat Prod 2003;
66(8):1124-1127.
(2) Suksamrarn S, et al. Xanthones from the green fruit hulls of
Garcinia mangostana. J Nat Prod 2002; 65(5):761-763.
(3) Suksamrarn S, et al. Antimycobacterial activity of prenylated
xanthones from the fruits of Garcinia mangostana. Chem Pharm Bull
(Tokyo) 2003; 51(7):857-859.
(4) Gopalakrishnan G, Banumathi B, Suresh G. Evaluation of the
antifungal activity of natural xanthones from Garcinia mangostana
and their synthetic derivatives. J Nat Prod 1997; 60(5):519-524.
(5) Nakatani K, et al. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase and prostaglandin
E2 synthesis by gamma-mangostin, a xanthone derivative in
mangosteen, in C6 rat glioma cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2002;
63(1):73-79.
(6) Matsumoto K, et al. Preferential target is mitochondria in alphamangostin-
induced apoptosis in human leukemia HL60 cells. Bioorg
Med Chem 2004; 12(22):5799-5806.
(7) Williams P, et al. Mangostin inhibits the oxidative modification of
human low density lipoprotein. Free Radic Res 1995; 23(2):175-184.
(8) Chairungsrilerd N, et al. Histaminergic and serotonergic receptor
blocking substances from the medicinal plant Garcinia mangostana.
Planta Med 1996; 62(5):471-472.
(9) Chen SX, Wan M, Loh BN. Active constituents against HIV-1
protease from Garcinia mangostana. Planta Med 1996; 62(4):381-
382.
(10) Ho CK, Huang YL, Chen CC. Garcinone E, a xanthone derivative,
has potent cytotoxic effect against hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines.
Planta Med 2002; 68(11):975-979.
(11) Moongkarndi P, et al. Antiproliferation, antioxidation and
induction of apoptosis by Garcinia mangostana (mangosteen) on
SKBR3 human breast cancer cell line. J Ethnopharmacol 2004;
90(1):161-166.
Center in New York City:
MANGOSTEEN (Garcinia mangostana L.)
CLINICAL SUMMARY
Mangosteen is a plant native to Southeast Asia. The fruits are used in
traditional medicine to treat skin infections, wounds, and diarrhea.
Recent studies have revealed that xanthones from the fruit hulls
exhibit antibacterial (3), antifungal (4), and antiinflammatory (5)
properties. Alpha-mangostin, a xanthone, inhibited growth of human
leukemia HL60 cells (1) (6), reduced the synthesis of prostaglandins (5),
and prevented oxidative damage of LDL (7) in vitro. There is also
preliminary evidence that alpha- and gamma-mangostins act as
histamine and serotonin receptor blockers (8), and also inhibit HIV-1
protease (9). Garcinone E, another xanthone, exerts cytotoxic effects
against human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (10). Extract from the
pericarp of mangosteen has antiproliferative, antioxidative, and
apoptotic effects against human breast cancer SKBR3 cells (11). There
is no data from clinical trials to verify these effects in humans. No
adverse effects have been reported with the use of mangosteen.
SCIENTIFIC NAME
Garcinia mangostana L.
PURPORTED USES
• Bacterial Infections
• Diarrhea
• Fungal infections
• Inflammation
• Skin infections
• Wound healing
CONSTITUENTS
• Wound healing
CONSTITUENTS
• Xanthones: alpha-mangostin, beta-mangostin, gammamangostin,
garcinone B, garcinone E
• Mangostinone
• Tannins
• Flavonoid: epicatechin
(1) (2)
MECHANISM OF ACTION
The xanthones, alpha- and beta-mangostins, and garcinone B exhibit
strong inhibitory effect against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro (3).
Alpha-mangostin has been shown to inhibit growth of human
leukemia HL60 cells by inducing caspase-3-dependent apoptosis (1)
(6), reduce the synthesis of prostaglandins by inhibiting the activities
of COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes (5), and prevent oxidative damage of
LDL by functioning as a free-radical scavenger (7). Alpha- and
gamma-mangostins also antagonize the activities of histamine and
serotonin by acting as receptor blockers (8). Garcinone E has cytotoxic
effects against human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (10). In vitro
studies have also demonstrated that a crude methanolic extract from
the pericarp of mangosteen has antiproliferative, antioxidative, and
apoptotic effects against SKBR3 human breast cancer cells (11).
LITERATURE SUMMARY AND CRITIQUE
There is no clinical data available to support the beneficial effects of
mangosteen in humans.
REFERENCES
(1) Matsumoto K, et al.Induction of apoptosis by xanthones from
mangosteen in human leukemia cell lines. J Nat Prod 2003;
66(8):1124-1127.
(2) Suksamrarn S, et al. Xanthones from the green fruit hulls of
Garcinia mangostana. J Nat Prod 2002; 65(5):761-763.
(3) Suksamrarn S, et al. Antimycobacterial activity of prenylated
xanthones from the fruits of Garcinia mangostana. Chem Pharm Bull
(Tokyo) 2003; 51(7):857-859.
(4) Gopalakrishnan G, Banumathi B, Suresh G. Evaluation of the
antifungal activity of natural xanthones from Garcinia mangostana
and their synthetic derivatives. J Nat Prod 1997; 60(5):519-524.
(5) Nakatani K, et al. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase and prostaglandin
E2 synthesis by gamma-mangostin, a xanthone derivative in
mangosteen, in C6 rat glioma cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2002;
63(1):73-79.
(6) Matsumoto K, et al. Preferential target is mitochondria in alphamangostin-
induced apoptosis in human leukemia HL60 cells. Bioorg
Med Chem 2004; 12(22):5799-5806.
(7) Williams P, et al. Mangostin inhibits the oxidative modification of
human low density lipoprotein. Free Radic Res 1995; 23(2):175-184.
(8) Chairungsrilerd N, et al. Histaminergic and serotonergic receptor
blocking substances from the medicinal plant Garcinia mangostana.
Planta Med 1996; 62(5):471-472.
(9) Chen SX, Wan M, Loh BN. Active constituents against HIV-1
protease from Garcinia mangostana. Planta Med 1996; 62(4):381-
382.
(10) Ho CK, Huang YL, Chen CC. Garcinone E, a xanthone derivative,
has potent cytotoxic effect against hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines.
Planta Med 2002; 68(11):975-979.
(11) Moongkarndi P, et al. Antiproliferation, antioxidation and
induction of apoptosis by Garcinia mangostana (mangosteen) on
SKBR3 human breast cancer cell line. J Ethnopharmacol 2004;
90(1):161-166.
Monday, June 4, 2007
202 Health Benefits of Mangosteen Dr DUKE
Wow, that’s much Health Benefits…
Biological Activities of Garcinia Mangostana L
The following is a compilation of scientific research into the biological activities of Garcinia mangostana L. (mangosteen fruit) conducted by Dr. James A. Duke. Dr. Duke is the world renowned ethnobotanist who spent 30 years with the USDA, has written 29 books and maintains the world’s most complete database of biological activities of foods and herbs. ( http://www.ars-grin.gov/duke )
Source: USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases.
[Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. 14 September 2003.
The number in () indicates how many separate chemicals this species has for that activity, for example, Analgesic (3) indicates this species has three separate chemicals that have Analgesic activity.
1. Acidulant (1)
2. Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor (1)
3. Allergenic (3)
4. Alpha-Amylase-Inhibitor (1)
5. Analgesic (2)
6. Androgenic? (1)
7. Angiotensin-Receptor-Blocker (3)
8. AntiAGE (1)
9. AntiCrohn's (1)
10. AntiHIV (1)
11. AntiMeniere's (1)
12. AntiPMS (2)
13. Antiacne (1)
14. Antiacrodynic (1)
15. Antiaggregant (1)
16. Antiaging (2)
17. Antiakathisic (1)
18. Antialcoholic (1)
19. Antiallergic (2)
20. Antialzheimeran (1)
21. Antiamblyopic (1)
22. Antianemic (1)
23. Antianginal (1)
24. Antianorectic (1)
25. Antianxiety (1)
26. Antiaphthic (1)
27. Antiarabiflavinotic (1)
28. Antiarrhythmic (1)
29. Antiarthritic (1)
30. Antiasthmatic (2)
31. Antiatheromic (1)
32. Antiatherosclerotic (3)
33. Antibackache (1)
34. Antibacterial (4)
35. Antiberiberi (1)
36. Anticalculic (1)
37. Anticancer (1)
38. Anticarcinomic (2)
39. Anticardiospasmic (1)
40. Anticarpal-Tunnel (1)
41. Anticataract (2)
42. Anticheilitic (2)
43. Antichilblain (1)
44. Anticoagulant (1)
45. Anticold (1)
46. Anticolitic (1)
47. Anticonvulsant (1)
48. Anticoronary (1)
49. Antidecubitic (3)
50. Antideliriant (1)
51. Antidepressant (3)
52. Antidermatitic (1)
53. Antidiabetic (3)
54. Antidiarrheic (1)
55. Antidote (Aluminum) (2)
56. Antidote (Cadmium) (1)
57. Antidote (Lead) (2)
58. Antidote (Paraquat) (1)
59. Antidysphagic (1)
60. Antieczemic (1)
61. Antiedemic (1)
62. Antiencephalitic (1)
63. Antiencephalopathic (1)
64. Antiepileptic (1)
65. Antifatigue (2)
66. Antifeedant (1)
67. Antiflu (1)
68. Antigastritic (1)
69. Antigingivitic (1)
70. Antiglaucomic (1)
71. Antiglossitic (1)
72. Antiheartburn (1)
73. Antihemorrhagic (1)
74. Antihepatitic (1)
75. Antihepatotoxic (1)
76. Antiherpetic (2)
77. Antihistaminic (2)
78. Antihyperactivity (1)
79. Antihyperkeratotic (1)
80. Antihyperkinetic (1)
81. Antihypertensive (4)
82. Antiichythyotic (1)
83. Antiinfertility (1)
84. Anti-inflammatory (2)
85. Antiinsomniac (1)
86. Antiinsomnic (1)
87. Antikeratitic (1)
88. Antilepric (1)
89. Antileukoplakic (1)
90. Antilupus (1)
91. Antimastitic (1)
92. Antimeasles (1)
93. Antimenorrhagic (1)
94. Antimigraine (3)
95. Antimutagenic (4)
96. Antimyocarditic (1)
97. Antineuralgic (2)
98. Antineurasthenic (1)
99. Antineuritic (1)
100. Antineuropathic (1)
101. Antinitrosic (1)
102. Antiobesity (3)
103. Antiorchitic (1)
104. Antiosteoarthritic (1)
105. Antiosteoporotic (3)
106. Antioxidant (2)
107. Antioxidant Synergist (1)
108. Antiozenic (1)
109. Antiparkinsonian (2)
110. Antiparotitic (1)
111. Antipellagric (2)
112. Antiperiodontitic (2)
113. Antiphotophobic (2)
114. Antipityriasic (1)
115. Antipneumonic (1)
116. Antipodriac (1)
117. Antipoliomyelitic (2)
118. Antiporphyric (1)
119. Antiproliferant (1)
120. Antipsoriac (1)
121. Antipyretic (1)
122. Antiradicular (2)
123. Antiscorbutic (1)
124. Antiscotomic (1)
125. Antiseborrheic (1)
126. Antiseptic (3)
127. Antishingles (1)
128. Antispasmodic (2)
129. Antistress (1)
130. Antisyndrome-X (1)
131. Antitic (1)
132. Antitubercular (1)
133. Antitumor (4)
134. Antitumor (Colon) (1)
135. Antitumor (Lung) (1)
136. Antitussive (1)
137. Antiulcer (4)
138. Antivertigo (1)
139. Antiviral (2)
140. Antixerophthalmic (1)
141. Aphidifuge (1)
142. Apoptotic (1)
143. Asthma-preventive (1)
144. Beta-Adrenergic
Receptor Blocker (1)
145. Beta-Blocker (2)
146. Beta-Glucuronidase-Inhibitor (1)
147. Calcium-Antagonist (1)
148. Calcium-Channel-Blocker (1)
149. Cancer-Preventive (6)
150. Cardioprotective (1)
151. Cardiotoxic (1)
152. Chemopreventive (1)
153. Cold-preventive (1)
154. Collagenic (1)
155. Colorant (1)
156. Cytotoxic (1)
157. Demulcent (1)
158. Detoxicant (1)
159. Disinfectant (1)
160. Diuretic (4)
161. Dye (1)
162. FLavor (2)
163. Fistula-Preventive (1)
164. Fungicide (2)
165. Hemostat (2)
166. Hepatoprotective (1)
167. Hypertensive (1)
168. Hypocholesterolemic (4)
169. Hypoglycemic (3)
170. Hypolipemic (1)
171. Hypolipidemic (1)
172. Hypotensive (3)
173. Hypouricemic (1)
174. Immunostimulant (3)
175. Insectifuge (1)
176. Interferon-Synergist (1)
177. Interferonogenic (1)
178. Irritant (1)
179. Laxative (1)
180. Laxative? (1)
181. Lithogenic (1)
182. Litholytic (1)
183. Mucogenic (1)
184. Mucolytic (1)
185. Mycobactericide (1)
186. Odontolytic (1)
187. Osteogenic (1)
188. Peristaltic (1)
189. Pesticide (4)
190. Phagocytotic (1)
191. Prooxidant (1)
192. Prostaglandin-Synthesis-Inhibitor (1)
193. Refrigerant (1)
194. Sedative (1)
195. Serotoninergic (1)
196. Thymoprotective (1)
197. Topoisomerase-IIInhibitor (1)
198. Ubiquiot (1)
199. Uricosuric (1)
200. Urinary-Acidulant (1)
201. Vasodilator (5)
202. Vulnerary (1)
Biological Activities of Garcinia Mangostana L
The following is a compilation of scientific research into the biological activities of Garcinia mangostana L. (mangosteen fruit) conducted by Dr. James A. Duke. Dr. Duke is the world renowned ethnobotanist who spent 30 years with the USDA, has written 29 books and maintains the world’s most complete database of biological activities of foods and herbs. ( http://www.ars-grin.gov/duke )
Source: USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases.
[Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. 14 September 2003.
The number in () indicates how many separate chemicals this species has for that activity, for example, Analgesic (3) indicates this species has three separate chemicals that have Analgesic activity.
1. Acidulant (1)
2. Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor (1)
3. Allergenic (3)
4. Alpha-Amylase-Inhibitor (1)
5. Analgesic (2)
6. Androgenic? (1)
7. Angiotensin-Receptor-Blocker (3)
8. AntiAGE (1)
9. AntiCrohn's (1)
10. AntiHIV (1)
11. AntiMeniere's (1)
12. AntiPMS (2)
13. Antiacne (1)
14. Antiacrodynic (1)
15. Antiaggregant (1)
16. Antiaging (2)
17. Antiakathisic (1)
18. Antialcoholic (1)
19. Antiallergic (2)
20. Antialzheimeran (1)
21. Antiamblyopic (1)
22. Antianemic (1)
23. Antianginal (1)
24. Antianorectic (1)
25. Antianxiety (1)
26. Antiaphthic (1)
27. Antiarabiflavinotic (1)
28. Antiarrhythmic (1)
29. Antiarthritic (1)
30. Antiasthmatic (2)
31. Antiatheromic (1)
32. Antiatherosclerotic (3)
33. Antibackache (1)
34. Antibacterial (4)
35. Antiberiberi (1)
36. Anticalculic (1)
37. Anticancer (1)
38. Anticarcinomic (2)
39. Anticardiospasmic (1)
40. Anticarpal-Tunnel (1)
41. Anticataract (2)
42. Anticheilitic (2)
43. Antichilblain (1)
44. Anticoagulant (1)
45. Anticold (1)
46. Anticolitic (1)
47. Anticonvulsant (1)
48. Anticoronary (1)
49. Antidecubitic (3)
50. Antideliriant (1)
51. Antidepressant (3)
52. Antidermatitic (1)
53. Antidiabetic (3)
54. Antidiarrheic (1)
55. Antidote (Aluminum) (2)
56. Antidote (Cadmium) (1)
57. Antidote (Lead) (2)
58. Antidote (Paraquat) (1)
59. Antidysphagic (1)
60. Antieczemic (1)
61. Antiedemic (1)
62. Antiencephalitic (1)
63. Antiencephalopathic (1)
64. Antiepileptic (1)
65. Antifatigue (2)
66. Antifeedant (1)
67. Antiflu (1)
68. Antigastritic (1)
69. Antigingivitic (1)
70. Antiglaucomic (1)
71. Antiglossitic (1)
72. Antiheartburn (1)
73. Antihemorrhagic (1)
74. Antihepatitic (1)
75. Antihepatotoxic (1)
76. Antiherpetic (2)
77. Antihistaminic (2)
78. Antihyperactivity (1)
79. Antihyperkeratotic (1)
80. Antihyperkinetic (1)
81. Antihypertensive (4)
82. Antiichythyotic (1)
83. Antiinfertility (1)
84. Anti-inflammatory (2)
85. Antiinsomniac (1)
86. Antiinsomnic (1)
87. Antikeratitic (1)
88. Antilepric (1)
89. Antileukoplakic (1)
90. Antilupus (1)
91. Antimastitic (1)
92. Antimeasles (1)
93. Antimenorrhagic (1)
94. Antimigraine (3)
95. Antimutagenic (4)
96. Antimyocarditic (1)
97. Antineuralgic (2)
98. Antineurasthenic (1)
99. Antineuritic (1)
100. Antineuropathic (1)
101. Antinitrosic (1)
102. Antiobesity (3)
103. Antiorchitic (1)
104. Antiosteoarthritic (1)
105. Antiosteoporotic (3)
106. Antioxidant (2)
107. Antioxidant Synergist (1)
108. Antiozenic (1)
109. Antiparkinsonian (2)
110. Antiparotitic (1)
111. Antipellagric (2)
112. Antiperiodontitic (2)
113. Antiphotophobic (2)
114. Antipityriasic (1)
115. Antipneumonic (1)
116. Antipodriac (1)
117. Antipoliomyelitic (2)
118. Antiporphyric (1)
119. Antiproliferant (1)
120. Antipsoriac (1)
121. Antipyretic (1)
122. Antiradicular (2)
123. Antiscorbutic (1)
124. Antiscotomic (1)
125. Antiseborrheic (1)
126. Antiseptic (3)
127. Antishingles (1)
128. Antispasmodic (2)
129. Antistress (1)
130. Antisyndrome-X (1)
131. Antitic (1)
132. Antitubercular (1)
133. Antitumor (4)
134. Antitumor (Colon) (1)
135. Antitumor (Lung) (1)
136. Antitussive (1)
137. Antiulcer (4)
138. Antivertigo (1)
139. Antiviral (2)
140. Antixerophthalmic (1)
141. Aphidifuge (1)
142. Apoptotic (1)
143. Asthma-preventive (1)
144. Beta-Adrenergic
Receptor Blocker (1)
145. Beta-Blocker (2)
146. Beta-Glucuronidase-Inhibitor (1)
147. Calcium-Antagonist (1)
148. Calcium-Channel-Blocker (1)
149. Cancer-Preventive (6)
150. Cardioprotective (1)
151. Cardiotoxic (1)
152. Chemopreventive (1)
153. Cold-preventive (1)
154. Collagenic (1)
155. Colorant (1)
156. Cytotoxic (1)
157. Demulcent (1)
158. Detoxicant (1)
159. Disinfectant (1)
160. Diuretic (4)
161. Dye (1)
162. FLavor (2)
163. Fistula-Preventive (1)
164. Fungicide (2)
165. Hemostat (2)
166. Hepatoprotective (1)
167. Hypertensive (1)
168. Hypocholesterolemic (4)
169. Hypoglycemic (3)
170. Hypolipemic (1)
171. Hypolipidemic (1)
172. Hypotensive (3)
173. Hypouricemic (1)
174. Immunostimulant (3)
175. Insectifuge (1)
176. Interferon-Synergist (1)
177. Interferonogenic (1)
178. Irritant (1)
179. Laxative (1)
180. Laxative? (1)
181. Lithogenic (1)
182. Litholytic (1)
183. Mucogenic (1)
184. Mucolytic (1)
185. Mycobactericide (1)
186. Odontolytic (1)
187. Osteogenic (1)
188. Peristaltic (1)
189. Pesticide (4)
190. Phagocytotic (1)
191. Prooxidant (1)
192. Prostaglandin-Synthesis-Inhibitor (1)
193. Refrigerant (1)
194. Sedative (1)
195. Serotoninergic (1)
196. Thymoprotective (1)
197. Topoisomerase-IIInhibitor (1)
198. Ubiquiot (1)
199. Uricosuric (1)
200. Urinary-Acidulant (1)
201. Vasodilator (5)
202. Vulnerary (1)
Sunday, June 3, 2007
Sampling of Mangosteen Research
This is my favorite part of the Mangosteen phenomenon.
You see as a PhD in Clinical Biochemistry, I refuse to accept products without the research to back them up. I mean real hard core scientific studies and not some wishy washy test that has no relevance to the human condition. The Mangosteen xanthones research is extensive and studied by PhD's, MD's and others from around the world.
But, don't take my word for it. Read the summaries of just a few mangosteen xanthones research articles below. You be the judge.
Xanthones Research from Around the World Demonstrate the Potent Antioxidant Power of the Mangosteen Fruit !
I've reviewed these selections of Mangosteen xanthones research articles for you and condensed the main conclusions in easy to read format without much technical jargon, yet keeping the integrity of the medical findings intact.
Bear in mind this is just a sampling of xanthones research. Natives of Asia used the mangosteen fruit for hundreds of years to heal a variety of medical sicknesses and ailments. They had no clue of the nature of the active ingredients in their concoctions of this miraculous fruit.
Now, with the extensive mangosteen xanthones research done worldwide, we now know why those poultices and potions were so effective in treating so many medical sicknesses and ailments and endured the test of centuries.
Narace D. Seudeal, Ph.D.
1) Antiproliferation, antioxidation and induction of apoptosis by Garcinia mangostana (mangosteen) on SKBR3 human breast cancer cell line. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004 Jan;90(1):161-6. Moongkarndi P, Kosem N, Kaslungka S, Luanratana O, Pongpan N, Neungton N.Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Sri Ayudthaya Road, Rajdhevee, Bangkok 10400, Thailand. pypmk@mahidol.ac.th
These investigators found that an extract from the pericarp of the mangosteen fruit (major component in XanGo) inhibited the growth of breast cancer cells. They also showed that the extract had potent antioxidant and cancer cell death properties. They concluded that the extract from the pericarp of the mangosteen fruit has potential for chemoprevention.
2) Induction of apoptosis by xanthones from mangosteen in human leukemia cell lines. Matsumoto K, Akao Y, Kobayashi E, Ohguchi K, Ito T, Tanaka T, Iinuma M, Nozawa Y. Gifu International Institute of Biotechnology, 1-1 Naka-Fudogaoka, Kakamigahara, Gifu 504-0838, Japan. kmatsumoto@giib.or.jp
These authors examined the effects of six xanthones extracted from the pericarps of the mangosteen fruit, Garcinia mangostana, on the cell growth inhibition of human leukemia cell line HL60. All xanthones displayed growth inhibitory effects. Among them, alpha-mangostin (a xanthone) showed the most potent ability to cause the cancer cells death.
3) Antimycobacterial activity of prenylated xanthones from the fruits of Garcinia mangostana. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 2003 Jul;51(7):857-9. Suksamrarn S, Suwannapoch N, Phakhodee W, Thanuhiranlert J, Ratananukul P, Chimnoi N, Suksamrarn A. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand. sunit@swu.ac.th
Xanthones, isolated from the fruit hulls and the edible arils and seeds of Garcinia mangostana, mangosteen fruit, were tested for their antituberculosis potential. The investigators found alpha- and beta-mangostins and garcinone B exhibited strong inhibitory effect against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB).
4) Garcinone E, a xanthone derivative, has potent cytotoxic effect against the patocellular carcinoma cell lines. Planta Med. 2002 Nov;68(11):975-9. Ho CK, Huang YL, Chen CC. Department of Medical Research & Education, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, ROC.
Treatment of hepatocellular carcinomas (liver cancer) with chemotherapy has generally been disappointing and it is most desirable to have more effective new drugs. The investigators extracted and purified 6 xanthone compounds from the rinds (peel) of the fruit of Garcinia mangostana, mangosteen fruit. The investigators tested this extract on 14 different human liver cancer cell lines. Several chemotherapeutic agents (drugs) were included in the study for comparison. The results showed that one of the xanthone derivatives which could be identified as garcinone E has potent cytotoxic effect (kill cells) on all liver cancer cell lines as well as on the other gastric and lung cancer cell lines included in the screen. The investigators suggested that garcinone E may be potentially useful for the treatment of certain types of cancer.
5) Inhibitions of histamine release and prostaglandin E2 synthesis by mangosteen, a Thai medicinal plant. Biol Pharm Bull. 2002 Sep;25(9):1137-41. Nakatani K, Atsumi M, Arakawa T, Oosawa K, Shimura S, Nakahata N, Ohizumi Y. Department of Pharmaceutical Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
The fruit hull of mangosteen, Garcinia mangostana L., mangosteen fruit, has been used as a Thai indigenous medicine for many years. However, its mechanism of action as a medicine has not been elucidated. The present study was undertaken to examine the effects of mangosteen fruit extracts on histamine release and prostaglandin E2 synthesis. The investigators found the mangosteen fruit extract strongly inhibited histamine release and prostaglandin E2 synthesis. This has great importance in preventing allergies.
6) Inhibition of cyclooxygenase and prostaglandin E2 synthesis by gamma-mangostin, a xanthone derivative in mangosteen, in C6 rat glioma cells. Biochem Pharmacol. 2002 Jan 1;63(1):73-9. Nakatani K, Nakahata N, Arakawa T, Yasuda H, Ohizumi Y. Department of Pharmaceutical Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, 980-8578, Sendai, Japan.
The fruit hull of mangosteen fruit, Garcinia mangostana L., has been used for many years as a medicine for treatment of skin infection, wounds, and diarrhea in Southeast Asia. In the present study, the investigators studied the effect of gamma-mangostin, a xanthone contained in the mangosteen fruit, and showed it had a potent inhibitory activity of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release.
7) Immunopharmacological activity of polysaccharide from the pericarp of mangosteen garcinia: phagocytic intracellular killing activities. J Med Assoc Thai. 1997 Sep;80 Suppl 1:S149-54. Chanarat P, Chanarat N, Fujihara M, Nagumo T. Department of Clinical Microscopy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Thailand.
Polysaccharides from the pericarps of mangosteen, Garcinia mangostana Linn., mangosteen fruit, were extracted from the dried ground pericarps of the mangosteen fruit. The results showed that the number of S. enteritidis (bacteria) in cultured monocyte with extract of the pericarp of the mangosteen fruit was killed. This paper showed that polysaccharides in the extract can stimulate phagocytic cells to kill intracellular bacteria (S. enteritidis).
8) Histaminergic and serotonergic receptor blocking substances from the medicinal plant Garcinia mangostana. Planta Med. 1996 Oct;62(5):471-2. Chairungsrilerd N, Furukawa K, Ohta T, Nozoe S, Ohizumi Y.
The investigators studied an extract of the fruit hull of Mangosteen, Garcinia mangostana L., mangosteen fruit. On the basis of pharmacological data, they determined that alpha-mangostin and gamma-mangostin (xanthones in mangostana) are a histaminergic and a serotonergic receptor blocking agent, respectively. That is, they have the ability to prevent allergies and inflammation.
9) Inhibition of lipoprotein oxidation by prenylated xanthones derived from mangostin. Free Radic Res. 2000 Nov;33(5):643-59. Mahabusarakam W, Proudfoot J, Taylor W, Croft K. Chemistry Department, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand.
Oxidative damage is thought to play a critical role in cardiovascular and other chronic diseases. This has led to considerable interest in the antioxidant activity of dietary compounds. The researchers have previously shown that the xanthone, mangostin (found in mangosteen fruit), can inhibit the oxidation of LDL, low density lipoprotein (bad cholesterol). Researchers studied more xanthone derived compounds and found enhanced antioxidant activities. Note: If the oxidation of LDL cholesterol can be prevented or inhibited, then the LDL-cholesterol cannot exert its "bad" effect and cause heart disease.
10) Plant-derived leading compounds for chemotherapy of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Planta Med. 1998 Mar;64(2):97-109. Vlietinck AJ, De Bruyne T, Apers S, Pieters LA. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp (UA), Belgium. vlietink@uta.ua.ac.be
The investigators showed many compounds of plant origin have been identified that inhibit different stages in the replication cycle of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Among these compounds, the xanthone mangostin, derived from mangosteen fruit, was shown to inhibit the replication cycle of HIV.
11) Novel types of receptor antagonists from the medicinal plant Garcinia mangostana [Article in Japanese] Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi. 1997 Oct;110 Suppl 1:153P-158P. Furukawa K, Chairungsrilerd N, Ohta T, Nozoe S, Ohizumi Y. Department of Pharmaceutical Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
Here the researchers used a crude extract of the fruit hull of Garcinia mangostana L, mangosteen fruit. On the basis of physicochemical data, the active substances were identified as alpha-mangostin and gamma-mangostin in the crude extract. The researchers found that alpha-Mangostin and gamma-mangostin may become novel types of lead compounds for histamine and serotonin receptor antagonists (fight allergies and inflammation).
12) Pharmacological properties of alpha-mangostin, a novel histamine H1 receptor antagonist. Eur J Pharmacol. 1996 Oct 31;314(3):351-6. Chairungsrilerd N, Furukawa K, Ohta T, Nozoe S, Ohizumi Y. Department of Pharmaceutical Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
Researchers found that alpha-mangostin (found in the mangosteen fruit) blocked the binding of histamine to its receptors (fight allergies and inflammation).
13) Antibacterial activity of xanthones from guttiferaeous plants against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1996 Aug;48(8):861-5. Iinuma M, Tosa H, Tanaka T, Asai F, Kobayashi Y, Shimano R, Miyauchi K. Department of Pharmacognosy, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Japan.
The investigators showed that extracts of Garcinia mangostana, mangosteen fruit, possessed inhibitory effects against the growth of S. aureus (staph bacteria). The strong in-vitro antibacterial activity of xanthone derivatives against both methicillin-resistant and methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus suggests the compounds might find wide pharmaceutical use.
14) Active constituents against HIV-1 protease from Garcinia mangostana. Planta Med. 1996 Aug;62(4):381-2. Chen SX, Wan M, Loh BN.
The investigators found that an extract of Garcinia mangostana L., mangosteen fruit, showed potent inhibitory activity against HIV-1 protease which affects the replication of HIV.
15) Mangostin inhibits the oxidative modification of human low density lipoprotein. Free Radic Res. 1995 Aug;23(2):175-84. Williams P, Ongsakul M, Proudfoot J, Croft K, Beilin L. University of Western Australia, Department of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, Australia.
The oxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) may play an important role in atherosclerosis. The researchers investigated the possible antioxidant effects of mangostin, isolated from Garcinia mangostana (found in mangosteen fruit), on the oxidation of human LDL (bad cholesterol). From these results, they concluded that mangostin is acting as a free radical scavenger ("mop up" sponge) to protect the LDL from oxidative damage in this in vitro system. In other words, it a potent antioxdiant.
16) Alpha-mangostin induces Ca(2+)-ATPase-dependent apoptosis via mitochondrial pathway in PC12 cells. J Pharmacol Sci. 2004 May;95(1):33-40. Sato A, Fujiwara H, Oku H, Ishiguro K, Ohizumi Y. Department of Pharmaceutical Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
The researchers investigated the cell death effects of eight xanthones on pheochromocytoma (cancer) cells. Among these compounds, alpha-mangostin, from the fruit hull of Garcinia mangostana L. (mangosteen fruit), had the most potent effect with apoptosis (death) of these cells.
17) Relationship between protective effect of xanthone on endothelial cells and endogenous nitric oxide synthase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem. 2003 Nov 17;11(23):5171-7. Jiang DJ, Hu GY, Jiang JL, Xiang HL, Deng HW, Li YJ. Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
The researchers found that xanthone preserved endothelial cells inhibited the increased adhesion of monocytes to endothelial cells induced by oxidized LDL. This is especially important in preventing plaque formation and the subsequent blockage of arteries and heart disease.
18) Xanthones as inhibitors of growth of human cancer cell lines and their effects on the proliferation of human lymphocytes in vitro. Bioorg Med Chem. 2002 Dec;10(12):3725-30. Pedro M, Cerqueira F, Sousa ME, Nascimento MS, Pinto M. Centro de Estudos de Quimica Organica, Fitoquimica e Farmacologia da Universidade do Porto, Faculdade de Farmacia, Porto, Portugal. madalena@ff.up.pt
Twenty-seven xanthones were assessed for their capacity to inhibit the in vitro the growth of three human cancer cell lines, (breast cancer, renal cancer, melanoma). Inhibition of growth of these cancer cell lines depended on the type of xanthone used in the study.
19) Xanthones from the green fruit hulls of Garcinia mangostana. J Nat Prod. 2002 May;65(5):761-3. Suksamrarn S, Suwannapoch N, Ratananukul P, Aroonlerk N, Suksamrarn A. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand. sunit@psm.swu.ac.th
Researchers isolated three new xanthones, mangostenol (1), mangostenone A (2), and mangostenone B (3), from the green fruit hulls of Garcinia mangostana, mangosteen fruit. NB: There are about 200 naturally occurring xanthones. The mangosteen fruit (mangostana garcina) possesses 40 of these xanthones with even more being discovered via research.
20) Antihypertensive and vasorelaxing activities of synthetic xanthone derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem. 2002 Mar;10(3):567-72. Wang LW, Kang JJ, Chen IJ, Teng CM, Lin CN. School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 807, ROC.
The researchers studied a series of xanthones and related compounds. The antihypertensive (against high blood pressure) and vasorelaxing (relaxing of the blood vessels to prevent high blood pressure) activity of compounds on cardiovascular system was evaluated. All the compounds tested exhibited effective hypotensive (lower blood pressure) activity in anesthetized rats.
21) Antidiabetic activity of a xanthone compound, mangiferin. Phytomedicine. 2001 Mar;8(2):85-7. Miura T, Ichiki H, Hashimoto I, Iwamoto N, Kato M, Kubo M, Ishihara E, Komatsu Y, Okada M, Ishida T, Tanigawa K. Suzuka University of Medical Science, Mie, Japan.
Mangiferin, a xanthone, lowered the blood glucose (sugar) level in type II diabetic mice. From these findings, it seems likely that mangiferin exerts its antidiabetic activity by decreasing insulin resistance.
22) Antiplatelets activity of some xanthone derivatives. Acta Pol Pharm. 1999 Jul-Aug;56(4):319-24. Rajtar G, Zolkowska D, Kleinrok Z, Marona H. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical University School, Lublin, Poland.
Researchers studied the effects of twelve xanthone derived compounds on platelet aggregation. They found five of them inhibited thrombin-induced platelet aggregation (clot formation).
23) Chiral 2-amino-1-butanol xanthone derivatives as potential antiarrhythmic and hypotensive agents. Acta Pol Pharm. 1999 Jan-Feb;56(1):87-90. Librowski T, Czarnecki R, Jastrzebska M. Department of Pharmacodynamics, Collegium Medicum Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland. Cancer Lett. 1998 Oct 23;132(1-2):113-7. Xanthones as inhibitors of Epstein-Barr virus activation. Ito C, Itoigawa M, Furukawa H, Rao KS, Enjo F, Bu P, Takayasu J, Tokuda H, Nishino H. Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan.
Researchers screened 20 xanthones and found that 3 of them to have valuable anti-tumor (against cancer) activities.
24) Synthesis and anticonvulsant effects of some aminoalkanolic derivatives of xanthone. Pharmazie. 1998 Oct;53(10):672-6. Marona H. Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
Researchers studied compounds derived from xanthone for anticonvulsant activities. They found several xanthone derived compounds to be active in anticonvulsant tests.
25) Mechanism of vasorelaxation of thoracic aorta caused by xanthone. Eur J Pharmacol. 1997 Oct 1;336(1):23-8. Cheng YW, Kang JJ. Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei.
The researchers showed vasorelaxation (relaxing of blood vessels) activity of the xanthones studied.
26) Xanthones as antimalarial agents; studies of a possible mode of action. FEBS Lett. 1997 Jun 2;409(1):67-73. Ignatushchenko MV, Winter RW, Bachinger HP, Hinrichs DJ, Riscoe MK. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland 97201, USA.
Researchers showed potent antimalarial activities for the xanthones studied.
27) Synthesis and antithrombotic effect of xanthone derivatives. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1996 Sep;48(9):887-90. Lin CN, Hsieh HK, Liou SJ, Ko HH, Lin HC, Chung MI, Ko FN, Liu HW, Teng CM. School of Pharmacy, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical College, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Researchers studied several xanthone derived compounds and found them to possess potent antithrombotic (anti clotting) activities.
28) Xanthone derivatives as potential anti-cancer drugs. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1996 May;48(5):539-44. Lin CN, Liou SJ, Lee TH, Chuang YC, Won SJ. School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical College, Taiwan, Republic of China.
Researchers showed xanthone derived compounds to have potent antitumor activities against human cancer cells.
29) Synthesis and anti-inflammatory effects of xanthone derivatives. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1996 May;48(5):532-8. Lin CN, Chung MI, Liou SJ, Lee TH, Wang JP. School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical College, Taiwan, R.O.C.
The researchers studied 18 xanthone derived compounds and found that some of these compounds possessed strong anti-inflammatory properties.
30) Screening of unsubstituted cyclic compounds as inhibitors of monoamine oxidases. Biochem Pharmacol. 1994 Jun 15;47(12):2307-10. Thull U, Testa B. Institut de Chimie Therapeutique, Ecole de Pharmacie, Universite de Lausanne, Switzerland.
Of several compounds studied, xanthone emerged as a potent monoamine oxidase inhibitor.
31) Gamma-pyrone compounds as potential anti-cancer drugs. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1993 Sep;45(9):791-4. Liou SS, Shieh WL, Cheng TH, Won SJ, Lin CN. Natural Products Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical College, Taiwan, Republic of China.
Researchers studied several compounds and found xanthones with enhanced anti-tumor activity against human cancer cell lines.
You see as a PhD in Clinical Biochemistry, I refuse to accept products without the research to back them up. I mean real hard core scientific studies and not some wishy washy test that has no relevance to the human condition. The Mangosteen xanthones research is extensive and studied by PhD's, MD's and others from around the world.
But, don't take my word for it. Read the summaries of just a few mangosteen xanthones research articles below. You be the judge.
Xanthones Research from Around the World Demonstrate the Potent Antioxidant Power of the Mangosteen Fruit !
I've reviewed these selections of Mangosteen xanthones research articles for you and condensed the main conclusions in easy to read format without much technical jargon, yet keeping the integrity of the medical findings intact.
Bear in mind this is just a sampling of xanthones research. Natives of Asia used the mangosteen fruit for hundreds of years to heal a variety of medical sicknesses and ailments. They had no clue of the nature of the active ingredients in their concoctions of this miraculous fruit.
Now, with the extensive mangosteen xanthones research done worldwide, we now know why those poultices and potions were so effective in treating so many medical sicknesses and ailments and endured the test of centuries.
Narace D. Seudeal, Ph.D.
1) Antiproliferation, antioxidation and induction of apoptosis by Garcinia mangostana (mangosteen) on SKBR3 human breast cancer cell line. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004 Jan;90(1):161-6. Moongkarndi P, Kosem N, Kaslungka S, Luanratana O, Pongpan N, Neungton N.Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Sri Ayudthaya Road, Rajdhevee, Bangkok 10400, Thailand. pypmk@mahidol.ac.th
These investigators found that an extract from the pericarp of the mangosteen fruit (major component in XanGo) inhibited the growth of breast cancer cells. They also showed that the extract had potent antioxidant and cancer cell death properties. They concluded that the extract from the pericarp of the mangosteen fruit has potential for chemoprevention.
2) Induction of apoptosis by xanthones from mangosteen in human leukemia cell lines. Matsumoto K, Akao Y, Kobayashi E, Ohguchi K, Ito T, Tanaka T, Iinuma M, Nozawa Y. Gifu International Institute of Biotechnology, 1-1 Naka-Fudogaoka, Kakamigahara, Gifu 504-0838, Japan. kmatsumoto@giib.or.jp
These authors examined the effects of six xanthones extracted from the pericarps of the mangosteen fruit, Garcinia mangostana, on the cell growth inhibition of human leukemia cell line HL60. All xanthones displayed growth inhibitory effects. Among them, alpha-mangostin (a xanthone) showed the most potent ability to cause the cancer cells death.
3) Antimycobacterial activity of prenylated xanthones from the fruits of Garcinia mangostana. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 2003 Jul;51(7):857-9. Suksamrarn S, Suwannapoch N, Phakhodee W, Thanuhiranlert J, Ratananukul P, Chimnoi N, Suksamrarn A. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand. sunit@swu.ac.th
Xanthones, isolated from the fruit hulls and the edible arils and seeds of Garcinia mangostana, mangosteen fruit, were tested for their antituberculosis potential. The investigators found alpha- and beta-mangostins and garcinone B exhibited strong inhibitory effect against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB).
4) Garcinone E, a xanthone derivative, has potent cytotoxic effect against the patocellular carcinoma cell lines. Planta Med. 2002 Nov;68(11):975-9. Ho CK, Huang YL, Chen CC. Department of Medical Research & Education, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, ROC.
Treatment of hepatocellular carcinomas (liver cancer) with chemotherapy has generally been disappointing and it is most desirable to have more effective new drugs. The investigators extracted and purified 6 xanthone compounds from the rinds (peel) of the fruit of Garcinia mangostana, mangosteen fruit. The investigators tested this extract on 14 different human liver cancer cell lines. Several chemotherapeutic agents (drugs) were included in the study for comparison. The results showed that one of the xanthone derivatives which could be identified as garcinone E has potent cytotoxic effect (kill cells) on all liver cancer cell lines as well as on the other gastric and lung cancer cell lines included in the screen. The investigators suggested that garcinone E may be potentially useful for the treatment of certain types of cancer.
5) Inhibitions of histamine release and prostaglandin E2 synthesis by mangosteen, a Thai medicinal plant. Biol Pharm Bull. 2002 Sep;25(9):1137-41. Nakatani K, Atsumi M, Arakawa T, Oosawa K, Shimura S, Nakahata N, Ohizumi Y. Department of Pharmaceutical Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
The fruit hull of mangosteen, Garcinia mangostana L., mangosteen fruit, has been used as a Thai indigenous medicine for many years. However, its mechanism of action as a medicine has not been elucidated. The present study was undertaken to examine the effects of mangosteen fruit extracts on histamine release and prostaglandin E2 synthesis. The investigators found the mangosteen fruit extract strongly inhibited histamine release and prostaglandin E2 synthesis. This has great importance in preventing allergies.
6) Inhibition of cyclooxygenase and prostaglandin E2 synthesis by gamma-mangostin, a xanthone derivative in mangosteen, in C6 rat glioma cells. Biochem Pharmacol. 2002 Jan 1;63(1):73-9. Nakatani K, Nakahata N, Arakawa T, Yasuda H, Ohizumi Y. Department of Pharmaceutical Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, 980-8578, Sendai, Japan.
The fruit hull of mangosteen fruit, Garcinia mangostana L., has been used for many years as a medicine for treatment of skin infection, wounds, and diarrhea in Southeast Asia. In the present study, the investigators studied the effect of gamma-mangostin, a xanthone contained in the mangosteen fruit, and showed it had a potent inhibitory activity of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release.
7) Immunopharmacological activity of polysaccharide from the pericarp of mangosteen garcinia: phagocytic intracellular killing activities. J Med Assoc Thai. 1997 Sep;80 Suppl 1:S149-54. Chanarat P, Chanarat N, Fujihara M, Nagumo T. Department of Clinical Microscopy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Thailand.
Polysaccharides from the pericarps of mangosteen, Garcinia mangostana Linn., mangosteen fruit, were extracted from the dried ground pericarps of the mangosteen fruit. The results showed that the number of S. enteritidis (bacteria) in cultured monocyte with extract of the pericarp of the mangosteen fruit was killed. This paper showed that polysaccharides in the extract can stimulate phagocytic cells to kill intracellular bacteria (S. enteritidis).
8) Histaminergic and serotonergic receptor blocking substances from the medicinal plant Garcinia mangostana. Planta Med. 1996 Oct;62(5):471-2. Chairungsrilerd N, Furukawa K, Ohta T, Nozoe S, Ohizumi Y.
The investigators studied an extract of the fruit hull of Mangosteen, Garcinia mangostana L., mangosteen fruit. On the basis of pharmacological data, they determined that alpha-mangostin and gamma-mangostin (xanthones in mangostana) are a histaminergic and a serotonergic receptor blocking agent, respectively. That is, they have the ability to prevent allergies and inflammation.
9) Inhibition of lipoprotein oxidation by prenylated xanthones derived from mangostin. Free Radic Res. 2000 Nov;33(5):643-59. Mahabusarakam W, Proudfoot J, Taylor W, Croft K. Chemistry Department, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand.
Oxidative damage is thought to play a critical role in cardiovascular and other chronic diseases. This has led to considerable interest in the antioxidant activity of dietary compounds. The researchers have previously shown that the xanthone, mangostin (found in mangosteen fruit), can inhibit the oxidation of LDL, low density lipoprotein (bad cholesterol). Researchers studied more xanthone derived compounds and found enhanced antioxidant activities. Note: If the oxidation of LDL cholesterol can be prevented or inhibited, then the LDL-cholesterol cannot exert its "bad" effect and cause heart disease.
10) Plant-derived leading compounds for chemotherapy of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Planta Med. 1998 Mar;64(2):97-109. Vlietinck AJ, De Bruyne T, Apers S, Pieters LA. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp (UA), Belgium. vlietink@uta.ua.ac.be
The investigators showed many compounds of plant origin have been identified that inhibit different stages in the replication cycle of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Among these compounds, the xanthone mangostin, derived from mangosteen fruit, was shown to inhibit the replication cycle of HIV.
11) Novel types of receptor antagonists from the medicinal plant Garcinia mangostana [Article in Japanese] Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi. 1997 Oct;110 Suppl 1:153P-158P. Furukawa K, Chairungsrilerd N, Ohta T, Nozoe S, Ohizumi Y. Department of Pharmaceutical Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
Here the researchers used a crude extract of the fruit hull of Garcinia mangostana L, mangosteen fruit. On the basis of physicochemical data, the active substances were identified as alpha-mangostin and gamma-mangostin in the crude extract. The researchers found that alpha-Mangostin and gamma-mangostin may become novel types of lead compounds for histamine and serotonin receptor antagonists (fight allergies and inflammation).
12) Pharmacological properties of alpha-mangostin, a novel histamine H1 receptor antagonist. Eur J Pharmacol. 1996 Oct 31;314(3):351-6. Chairungsrilerd N, Furukawa K, Ohta T, Nozoe S, Ohizumi Y. Department of Pharmaceutical Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
Researchers found that alpha-mangostin (found in the mangosteen fruit) blocked the binding of histamine to its receptors (fight allergies and inflammation).
13) Antibacterial activity of xanthones from guttiferaeous plants against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1996 Aug;48(8):861-5. Iinuma M, Tosa H, Tanaka T, Asai F, Kobayashi Y, Shimano R, Miyauchi K. Department of Pharmacognosy, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Japan.
The investigators showed that extracts of Garcinia mangostana, mangosteen fruit, possessed inhibitory effects against the growth of S. aureus (staph bacteria). The strong in-vitro antibacterial activity of xanthone derivatives against both methicillin-resistant and methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus suggests the compounds might find wide pharmaceutical use.
14) Active constituents against HIV-1 protease from Garcinia mangostana. Planta Med. 1996 Aug;62(4):381-2. Chen SX, Wan M, Loh BN.
The investigators found that an extract of Garcinia mangostana L., mangosteen fruit, showed potent inhibitory activity against HIV-1 protease which affects the replication of HIV.
15) Mangostin inhibits the oxidative modification of human low density lipoprotein. Free Radic Res. 1995 Aug;23(2):175-84. Williams P, Ongsakul M, Proudfoot J, Croft K, Beilin L. University of Western Australia, Department of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, Australia.
The oxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) may play an important role in atherosclerosis. The researchers investigated the possible antioxidant effects of mangostin, isolated from Garcinia mangostana (found in mangosteen fruit), on the oxidation of human LDL (bad cholesterol). From these results, they concluded that mangostin is acting as a free radical scavenger ("mop up" sponge) to protect the LDL from oxidative damage in this in vitro system. In other words, it a potent antioxdiant.
16) Alpha-mangostin induces Ca(2+)-ATPase-dependent apoptosis via mitochondrial pathway in PC12 cells. J Pharmacol Sci. 2004 May;95(1):33-40. Sato A, Fujiwara H, Oku H, Ishiguro K, Ohizumi Y. Department of Pharmaceutical Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
The researchers investigated the cell death effects of eight xanthones on pheochromocytoma (cancer) cells. Among these compounds, alpha-mangostin, from the fruit hull of Garcinia mangostana L. (mangosteen fruit), had the most potent effect with apoptosis (death) of these cells.
17) Relationship between protective effect of xanthone on endothelial cells and endogenous nitric oxide synthase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem. 2003 Nov 17;11(23):5171-7. Jiang DJ, Hu GY, Jiang JL, Xiang HL, Deng HW, Li YJ. Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
The researchers found that xanthone preserved endothelial cells inhibited the increased adhesion of monocytes to endothelial cells induced by oxidized LDL. This is especially important in preventing plaque formation and the subsequent blockage of arteries and heart disease.
18) Xanthones as inhibitors of growth of human cancer cell lines and their effects on the proliferation of human lymphocytes in vitro. Bioorg Med Chem. 2002 Dec;10(12):3725-30. Pedro M, Cerqueira F, Sousa ME, Nascimento MS, Pinto M. Centro de Estudos de Quimica Organica, Fitoquimica e Farmacologia da Universidade do Porto, Faculdade de Farmacia, Porto, Portugal. madalena@ff.up.pt
Twenty-seven xanthones were assessed for their capacity to inhibit the in vitro the growth of three human cancer cell lines, (breast cancer, renal cancer, melanoma). Inhibition of growth of these cancer cell lines depended on the type of xanthone used in the study.
19) Xanthones from the green fruit hulls of Garcinia mangostana. J Nat Prod. 2002 May;65(5):761-3. Suksamrarn S, Suwannapoch N, Ratananukul P, Aroonlerk N, Suksamrarn A. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand. sunit@psm.swu.ac.th
Researchers isolated three new xanthones, mangostenol (1), mangostenone A (2), and mangostenone B (3), from the green fruit hulls of Garcinia mangostana, mangosteen fruit. NB: There are about 200 naturally occurring xanthones. The mangosteen fruit (mangostana garcina) possesses 40 of these xanthones with even more being discovered via research.
20) Antihypertensive and vasorelaxing activities of synthetic xanthone derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem. 2002 Mar;10(3):567-72. Wang LW, Kang JJ, Chen IJ, Teng CM, Lin CN. School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 807, ROC.
The researchers studied a series of xanthones and related compounds. The antihypertensive (against high blood pressure) and vasorelaxing (relaxing of the blood vessels to prevent high blood pressure) activity of compounds on cardiovascular system was evaluated. All the compounds tested exhibited effective hypotensive (lower blood pressure) activity in anesthetized rats.
21) Antidiabetic activity of a xanthone compound, mangiferin. Phytomedicine. 2001 Mar;8(2):85-7. Miura T, Ichiki H, Hashimoto I, Iwamoto N, Kato M, Kubo M, Ishihara E, Komatsu Y, Okada M, Ishida T, Tanigawa K. Suzuka University of Medical Science, Mie, Japan.
Mangiferin, a xanthone, lowered the blood glucose (sugar) level in type II diabetic mice. From these findings, it seems likely that mangiferin exerts its antidiabetic activity by decreasing insulin resistance.
22) Antiplatelets activity of some xanthone derivatives. Acta Pol Pharm. 1999 Jul-Aug;56(4):319-24. Rajtar G, Zolkowska D, Kleinrok Z, Marona H. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical University School, Lublin, Poland.
Researchers studied the effects of twelve xanthone derived compounds on platelet aggregation. They found five of them inhibited thrombin-induced platelet aggregation (clot formation).
23) Chiral 2-amino-1-butanol xanthone derivatives as potential antiarrhythmic and hypotensive agents. Acta Pol Pharm. 1999 Jan-Feb;56(1):87-90. Librowski T, Czarnecki R, Jastrzebska M. Department of Pharmacodynamics, Collegium Medicum Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland. Cancer Lett. 1998 Oct 23;132(1-2):113-7. Xanthones as inhibitors of Epstein-Barr virus activation. Ito C, Itoigawa M, Furukawa H, Rao KS, Enjo F, Bu P, Takayasu J, Tokuda H, Nishino H. Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan.
Researchers screened 20 xanthones and found that 3 of them to have valuable anti-tumor (against cancer) activities.
24) Synthesis and anticonvulsant effects of some aminoalkanolic derivatives of xanthone. Pharmazie. 1998 Oct;53(10):672-6. Marona H. Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
Researchers studied compounds derived from xanthone for anticonvulsant activities. They found several xanthone derived compounds to be active in anticonvulsant tests.
25) Mechanism of vasorelaxation of thoracic aorta caused by xanthone. Eur J Pharmacol. 1997 Oct 1;336(1):23-8. Cheng YW, Kang JJ. Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei.
The researchers showed vasorelaxation (relaxing of blood vessels) activity of the xanthones studied.
26) Xanthones as antimalarial agents; studies of a possible mode of action. FEBS Lett. 1997 Jun 2;409(1):67-73. Ignatushchenko MV, Winter RW, Bachinger HP, Hinrichs DJ, Riscoe MK. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland 97201, USA.
Researchers showed potent antimalarial activities for the xanthones studied.
27) Synthesis and antithrombotic effect of xanthone derivatives. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1996 Sep;48(9):887-90. Lin CN, Hsieh HK, Liou SJ, Ko HH, Lin HC, Chung MI, Ko FN, Liu HW, Teng CM. School of Pharmacy, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical College, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Researchers studied several xanthone derived compounds and found them to possess potent antithrombotic (anti clotting) activities.
28) Xanthone derivatives as potential anti-cancer drugs. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1996 May;48(5):539-44. Lin CN, Liou SJ, Lee TH, Chuang YC, Won SJ. School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical College, Taiwan, Republic of China.
Researchers showed xanthone derived compounds to have potent antitumor activities against human cancer cells.
29) Synthesis and anti-inflammatory effects of xanthone derivatives. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1996 May;48(5):532-8. Lin CN, Chung MI, Liou SJ, Lee TH, Wang JP. School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical College, Taiwan, R.O.C.
The researchers studied 18 xanthone derived compounds and found that some of these compounds possessed strong anti-inflammatory properties.
30) Screening of unsubstituted cyclic compounds as inhibitors of monoamine oxidases. Biochem Pharmacol. 1994 Jun 15;47(12):2307-10. Thull U, Testa B. Institut de Chimie Therapeutique, Ecole de Pharmacie, Universite de Lausanne, Switzerland.
Of several compounds studied, xanthone emerged as a potent monoamine oxidase inhibitor.
31) Gamma-pyrone compounds as potential anti-cancer drugs. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1993 Sep;45(9):791-4. Liou SS, Shieh WL, Cheng TH, Won SJ, Lin CN. Natural Products Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical College, Taiwan, Republic of China.
Researchers studied several compounds and found xanthones with enhanced anti-tumor activity against human cancer cell lines.
Saturday, June 2, 2007
Xanthones in Mangosteen
What are xanthones?
Xanthones are biologically active plant phenols found in a few select tropical plants. Current research on xanthones suggests they are beneficial in helping with many conditions including: allergies, infections (microbial, fungus, viral), cholesterol levels, inflammation, skin disorders, gastro-intestinal disorders, and fatigue.
Xanthones have been found to support and enhance the body's immune system. Xanthones also exhibit strong antioxidant activity which is beneficial for neutralizing free radicals in the body.
Facts about xanthones:
• The most plentiful natural source of xanthones is the mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana), which contains over 30 xanthones. The mangosteen has by far the most xanthones of any plant. The pericarp of the mangosteen fruit contains the vast majority of the xanthones.
• Xanthones are some of the most potent antioxidants known. It is thought to be more potent than both Vitamin C and Vitamin E. In fact, many doctors refer to xanthones as "Super Antioxidants."
• Xanthones are heat stable molecules. Unlike proteins, they won't denature or lose their structure when heated.
Published Journal Research on Xanthones
Visit www.pubmed.com ( type search xanthones )
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez/
List of Xanthones in Mangosteen
Here is a list of all of the xanthones found in mangosteen that have been named. There are others that have not been named yet that I have not included in this list. Currently, there are 43 xanthones known to be in the mangosteen.
BR-xanthone A
BR-xanthone B
Calabaxanthone
Garcinone A
Garcinone B
Garcinone C
Garcinone D
Garcinone E
Gamma-Mangostin
Garcimangosone A
Garcimangosone B
Garcimangosone C
1-Isomangostin
3-Isomangostin
1-Isomangostin hydrate
3-Isomangostin hydrate
Gartanin
Demethylcalabaxanthone
Maclurin
Mangostenone
Mangostanin
Mangostanol
Mangostin
Mangostinone
Mangostinone A
Mangostinone B
a-Mangostin
b-Mangostin
g-Mangostin
Norathriol
Tovophyllin
Tovophyllin A
Tovophyllin B
Trapezifolixanthone
Medical Properties of Xanthones:
Research on Xanthones is ongoing. There are many results people report about health benefits from xanthones that cannot be explained by the science yet. This is likely due to the fact that only about 15% of known xanthones have been studied to any degree.
Some of the known benefits of xanthones based on recent research are:
• Anti-Fatigue - Helps boost energy.
• Anti-Inflammatory - Helps prevent and reduce inflammation
• Anti-Aging
• Helps prevent cancer. According to a preliminary study, six xanthones have been found to be capable of killing cancer cells.
• Helps lower blood pressure
• Helps lower blood sugar. Many people with type II diabetes have reported that it helps them to regulate their blood sugar levels.
• Helps prevent infections - Bacteria, Microbes, Viruses, Fungus.
• Anti-Diarrheal - In folk medicine, the pericarp of the mangosteen (most potent source of xanthones) has been used for centuries to effectively treat dysentery.
• Anti-Parkinson, Anti-Alzheimer. Helps prevent dementia.
• Anti-allergenic - Helps with allergies
• Eye Care - Helps prevents cataracts and glaucoma
• Helps protect the heart and cardiovascular system
• Anti-Obesity
A recent study has confirmed that gamma mangostin, a xanthones derivative found in the mangosteen, is a potent COX (Cyclooxgenase) 2 inhibitor. The COX 2 enzyme is a chemical in the body that causes inflammation. This enzyme is commonly found in people suffering from joint pain and arthritis. However, it is also being found with other diseases as well, that are not as obvious, such as Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, cancer, and Diabetes. In three separate studies, a xanthones derivative of the mangosteen slowed down the body's production of the COX 2 enzyme.
Recommended Dosages
Many of the current products which contain xanthones are in a liquid form. Therefore, the following recommendations are based on taking a liquid form of a whole fruit mangosteen puree (be sure it includes the pericarp) . Pills and capsules are generally less effective and are therefore not recommended.
Please consult with your doctor before beginning any dietary regiment.
For people in good health, the recommended maintenance dose is 1-2 oz per day. If you are regularly in an unhealthy environment (i.e. smoke filled bars, cities with heavy smog, etc.) then taking more is recommended due to the antioxidant power of xanthones.
The general rule of thumb if illness or disease is already present is 1-3 ounces before every meal with 2 ounces being the most common.
Here are some specific recommendations from Dr. J Frederic Templeman M.D.
• Asthma - 1oz 3 times daily
• Allergies - 1 oz before every meal during allergy season.
• Heart Attack & Stroke - 1-2 oz before meals for existing disease 1oz per day for prevention
• Fibromyalgia - 1-2 oz before every meal
• Diverticulitis - 1 oz per day - Preparation should be strained before drinking
• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease - 1oz three times a day when symptoms present 1oz per day for prevention
• Multiple Sclerosis - 1-2oz 2-3 times a day.
• Cancer - 2-3oz 2-3 times a day if cancer is present 1oz 1-3 times a day for prevention. (In some cases, people have drank up to 25oz per day)
• Type II Diabetes - 1 ounce a day three times daily until results are noticed. Then slowly reduce to 1oz daily.
For more information, please contact me.
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